For most individuals, drinking coffee on an empty stomach is unlikely to cause significant issues. However, those with sensitive stomachs or pre-existing gastrointestinal conditions, such as gastroesophageal reflux or stomach ulcers, may experience exacerbated symptoms. According to Kim Barrett, a professor of physiology and membrane biology at UC Davis, and a member of the American Gastroenterological Association, coffee on an empty stomach can irritate the stomach lining in susceptible individuals. Additionally, caffeine can interact with cortisol, the stress hormone, which is typically high in the morning. This interaction can increase cortisol's effects, potentially raising blood sugar levels, especially in diabetics. Research indicates that coffee's acidity is not a significant concern for most people, as a study involving 8,000 healthy individuals found no major link between coffee consumption and gastrointestinal disorders. To mitigate potential issues, experts suggest opting for a darker roast, cold brew, or adding milk or cream to buffer the acidity. Ultimately, most people can safely enjoy their morning coffee without adverse effects, even on an empty stomach.
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